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Kingdoms and empires:
several empires will follow one another until the 16th century. It will be initially that of the empire of Ghana founded by Soninkés which will last of the 8th century at the 11th century, then that of the empire of Mali carried out by Manding of High Niger between the 13th century and the 15th century and finally the Songhay empire which dominated of 15th at the 16th century all the soudano-Sahelian band from Senegal until the loop of Niger.
The empire of Jolof which lasted of 1200 to 1550 is one important moment for the history of Senegal. The kingdom Djolof, core of current Senegal, was founded at the XIII 14th century by Ndiadian Ndiaye and lasted until 1549. This king would have gathered the tribes wolof and its kingdom became a vast empire from which the territory extended on all current Senegal.
The Portuguese navigators arrive into 1443 at the mouths of the Senegal river and are established in the island of Gorée from where they practice the trade of gold and the slaves to develop their colony of Brazil. Other counters are established gradually by other nations, in particular Dutch, English and French in Saint-Louis in 1659 then in Gorée in 1677. By the treaty of 1763, the English obtain the transfer by the French of all their Senegalese establishments except for Gorée. In 1779, France is restored in Saint-Louis. In 1809, the English take again Senegal, but by the treaty of Paris of 1814, they restore with the French all the establishments which they had into 1783 whole while remaining present inside the grounds.
The towns of Saint-Louis and Gorée, taken again into 1817 count nearly 10,000 inhabitants of which a local middle-class of catholic mongrels or “inhabitants”, traders and property owners who receive political rights in 1848. Only the culture of groundnut will shape, the other attempts having failed all. The prohibition of the draft of the slaves in 1818 then his abolition in 1848 will involve an inexorable decline of Gorée, Saint-Louis being reconverted into gum arabic.
The governor of Senegal, Faidherbe, between 1845 and 1860 then of 1863 to 1867 will establish the communication between Saint-Louis and Dakar, will encourage the culture of groundnut and will found schools. The International Conference of Berlin (1884-1885) will devote the French presence to Senegal, France giving up in 1857 the counter of Albreda on Gambia. In 1890, Senegal is already consisted its current borders.
Only the inhabitants of the Four communes are regarded as French citizens and can as from 1848 elect a deputy to represent them with the French Room. Out of these urban areas, the Senegaleses are prone French, without civic rights. In 1895, the governor of Senegal becomes the general governor of Africa Occidentale French (AOF). In 1904, the limits with Sudan and Mauritania are fixed.
The economy develops, in particular starting from great work: thus, the railroad Dakar-Saint-Louis is completed in 1896. The culture of groundnut intensifies in spite as of crises and of the vain attempts to diversify the agricultural produce. Senegal will take an active part in the two world wars with the famous Senegalese riflemen who gather by way of combatants come from various parts of the AOF.
January 30th, 1944, the conference of Brazzaville lays down the participation of the colonies in the constituent Assembly. The two socialist deputies of Senegal, Rolls Gueye and Léopold Sédar Senghor play a big role at this assembly. In May 1946, Lamine Gueye obtains for all the inhabitants of the Colonies the statute of citizen. The Constitution of 1946 recognizes with the people of overseas the right to manage itself as a territorial collectivity within the French Union. Senghor becomes Secretary of State in the Edgar Faure cabinet of 1955 to 1956.
The law tallies voted in April 1957 envisages decentralized administrative institutions, granting to the semi-autonomy overseas territories which precede independence. By referendum of September 28th, 1958, Senegal chooses the autonomous statute of republic and seeks to form a federation with other states of AOF. Following the negotiations open to Paris in January 1960, French Senegal and Sudan become fully independent on June 20th, 1960 under the name of “federation of Mali”, but the dissensions between the two countries cause its bursting as of August 1960.
In September 1960, President Senghor is elected president of the Republic. After having integrated some me
mbres of the opposition and constrained the others to the exile, President Senghor feels enough assured to authorize in 1974 the foundation of three opposition parties while the BDS becomes Socialist party. In foreign politics, President Senghor endeavors to play a moderating part and maintains with France of the close links of co-operation. January 1st, 1981, he resigns and transmits the power to its Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf.
President Abdou is elected in 1983. The elections of 1988 devote again the party of President Abdou Diouf.
In Casamance, as from 1982, the power must face a separatist rebellion (MFDC).
In the years 1990, Me Wade by is twice associated with the government before regaining the opposition. In 2000, the presidential ballot allows to the victory of Me Wade with 58% of the votes.
Old of more than eighty years, the Senegalese government enterprises appear among the seniors of the continent. At one time when the question of the action of the State is put once again, so much by the policies of privatizations than by the debate born of political alternation, this work proposes to make the exact point on the achievements recorded by the Senegalese companies of State. Largely disparaged by the bad quality of its public utilities, the populism and the sulfurous management of certain establishments, the Senegalese public sector did not record real successes less of them.
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